COMPARISON WALMART AND TARGET - 1469 Words

The annual reports of Wal-Mart and Target are provided free of charge via walmart.com and target.com. Upon inspection, the Wal-Mart and target reports include meaningful financial statements, including the Statement of Owners Equity, Income Statement, and Balance Sheet. These statements were obtained through 10-K statements available on walmart.com and target.com. In comparing the statements of these companies, Wal-Mart and Target both provide multi-step Statements of Operations, which include the current and previous 2 years financial information. Selected Data from Statement of Operations (Dollars in Millions) Wal-Mart (2002) Wal-Mart (2001) Wal-Mart (2002) Wal-Mart (2001) Sales$5,269.3$4,870.3$3,486.1$3,387.9 Gross†¦show more content†¦Legal settlements, property and equipment, income tax and commitments are also noted. Wal-Mart notes to financial statements state that merchandise inventories are stated at lower cost or market using the retail inventory method on the FIFO basis for 82% of the companys inventory. GameStop inventory (or remaining %) is recorded at average cost, and valued on the LIFO method. Target states that if all inventories valued at LIFO costs were valued at current costs, inventories would remain unchanged. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset, while different methods are used for tax purposes. Wal-Mart records all short-term instruments with original maturity dates of 3 months or less as cash equivalents. Revenues are recognized at the time of sale, and sales returns are recognized at the time of return. Additional notes to financial statements are numerous, and include a disclosure of stock option plans, pension and retirement plans, acquisitions, and leasing agreements. Advertising, legal and subscription service revenue s are also discussed. To provide a detailed comparison of Wal-Mart and Target, ratios were calculated in the following areas: Liquidity, Profitability, Long-Term Solvency, Cash Flow Adequacy, and Market Strength. The results of these calculations are shown on the following page. Liquidity Ratios (2002-2001)Target (2002-2001) Wal-Mart Working Capital ($ millions)Show MoreRelatedTarget Strategic Audit Essay15491 Words   |  62 Pagesï » ¿ TARGET CORPORATION STRATEGIC AUDIT MGMT 7160 Fall 2013 Executive Summary This report examines Target Corporation’s performance in a detailed strategic audit. The audit includes an external, internal and strategic analysis as well as a recommended course of action. The findings of the audit recommend a robust on-line/mobile presence to complement in-store sales, and to increase future earnings to remain competitive by building upon physical assets, brand value and logisticalRead MoreSustainable Solutions11923 Words   |  48 PagesRunning head: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS 1 Sustainable Solutions Paper Katherine Kem DBA Strategy Dr. Robert Hockin, Instructor February 21, 2010 Running head: SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS Sustainable Solutions Paper Walmart has some of the best supply chain methods in the market, and is working to become an industry leader in sustainability. Despite this, there is much criticism of this ‘giant’, and an in-depth look of their organization from a sustainable lens will review their successes, failuresRead MoreCompany Report And Financial Analysis Essay4668 Words   |  19 Pages pet supplies, photo finishing, party supplies, grocery, sports, fitness equipment, home improvements, footwear, and etc. All Wal-Mart stores provide products related to the daily needs of customers. Aside from their products, Walmart offers services like Walmart-2-Walmart, Pickup today, Walmart.com, Wal-Mart pay and the Wal-Mart money card (walmart.com, 2016). These services are meant to facilitate the customer that is the basic objective of the company. Mainly, this company is providing differentRead MoreBusiness Strategy5872 Words   |  24 P ageslevying new taxation rules, restrictions on imports and exports etc. (Jobber D, 2006) Recently Amazon called for new sales tax law in California, because there was no policy to charge sales tax on online retailers before, but in recent amendments in state law of California added that those who have either physical presence or affiliation in California to do business must be liable for sales tax. (Taxnick, 2011), (McCullagh D, 2012) Managing Strategy 5 Amazon Taxation on online sales may have greatRead MoreWal Mart s Company Overview And History4402 Words   |  18 Pagesrecorded annual sales of $78 million by 1972 when Wal-Mart was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (WMT). After a decade of several firsts, Wal-Mart reached $1 billion in annual sales in 1980, faster than any other company at that time. By 1990, Walmart became the nation s number-one retailer. As the Wal-Mart Supercenter redefined convenience and one-stop shopping, Every Day Low Prices (EDLP) slogan went international. In the new millennium, Wal-Mart has dedicated to offering customers a seamlessRead MoreEssay on Walmart16417 Words   |  66 PagesWalmart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (NYSE: WMT (http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=wmt) ), branded as Walmart, is an American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the worlds third largest public corporation, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2012, the biggest private employer in the world with over two million employees, and is the largest retailerRead MoreBudgens Stores Ltd: Global Expansion Recommendations3238 Words   |  13 Pagesleading retail giants like Walmart, Target Corporation, K-Mart, etc (Fernie Ebooks Corporation, 2005). China: a Potential International Location: Keeping in view the resources, competencies, and current financial strength of Budgens Stores, it is suggested that it should expand its operations in the Chinese market. China is the worlds largest country on the basis of population and industrial growth. If Budgens enters into the Chinese market, it will be able to target a large number of customersRead MoreDigital personalization in product and service offerings, Internet-based selling in systems design, pricing, and mechanisms for customer influence and persuasion3335 Words   |  14 PagesDVDs to a user based on their history of book purchases (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001). This paper provides an in-depth literature review to show how through Electronic Commerce, businesses are able to digitally personalise their offerings to target a certain consumer base and also how internet based selling mechanisms help to influence customers. The paper is structured in two sections. The first section of this article is organised to explain the definition and effect of digital personalisationRead MoreEssay on Wal-Mart Marketing Plan6952 Words   |  28 Pagesthis marketing plan several areas need to be addressed. The team will work through the organizational overview, the description of new services, importance of marketing, SWOT analysis, the market research approach, market segmentation criteria, the target audience, buyers and consumers, factors that affect the strategy, competition, attributes, product life cycle, position and differentiation strategies, life cycle marketing, pricing strategy, the place and promotion strategy, initial sales promotionRead MoreWalmart China12415 Words   |  50 Pagesthere were plenty of them. According to Euromonitor, in the early 2010s, China had at least 32 hypermarket operators, or food and beverage outlets with more than 2,500 square meters. At the same time, the United States had only 10 operators, with WalMart being the largest and controlling 80% of the market. Wal-Mart Strategy in China—2012 In 2012, as Wal-Mart approached its second decade in China, it continued to struggle to reaffirm its strategic presence. But how exactly was Wal-Mart planning

Enron Was One Of The Largest Electricity And Natural Gas

Enron was one of the largest electricity and natural gas companies in the world located in Houston, Texas. On December 2nd 2001, Enron filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy when it was found by the SEC that they were misstating their income and their equity value fell below what their balance sheet had stated. The stock of the company was once selling around $90 per share and had a net worth of $70 billion dollars. At one point, the company stood as the 6th largest energy company in their world known for their innovativeness and is now known as one of the largest accounting scandals in history. The major contributors to the scandal was Ken Lay, the CEO and chairman or Enron and Jeffery Skilling, the CEO and president of Enron at the time of the†¦show more content†¦Shim’s notes). They can also be defined as basic principles or notions of appropriate human demeanor. Dr. Shim’s notes also state they are accepted standards of good behavior that govern the conduct of an individual or a profession, which is the complete opposite of how Enron behaved. Enron failed to follow the code of ethics when they misstated their income and chose not to provide their earnings on their financial statements. The Institute of Management Accountants created a code of ethics that include: competence, confidentiality, integrity, credibility and resolution of ethical conflict which provide clear and concise standards that should be met in the work place (Dr. Shim’s notes). It was made evident that in the case of the Enron scandal, they have failed to abide by this cod e. Competence is to perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. It also should provide decisions that support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise and timely. They fell guilty of breaking this standard by not producing clear and accurate reports which in turn lead to laws and regulations being broken. Enron was guilty of misstating their income and not including their earnings on their financial statements. Confidentiality is keeping information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required. ItShow MoreRelatedEnron Corporation : A Foundation Of Fraud, Corruption, Greed, And Immorality1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Enron Scandal December 31, 2001 will forever be etched in history as the day that one of the biggest white collar scandals came to an end. Electric and natural gas giant Enron was found to have been defrauding its investors out of billions of dollars in order to increase its stock prices, and fatten the pockets of high executives particularly Chairman and CEO Kenneth Lay, President and COO Jeffrey Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow. Thousands of employees were laid-off and lost their 401(k); thoseRead MoreEnron‚Äà ´s Demise ~ Where There Warning Signs?1408 Words   |  6 PagesBaldwin Management Decision Making-Summer 2013 C. Forest Guest July 14, 2013 Executive Summary Enron is a company which headquarters is located in Houston, Texas. Enron was first headed by Samuel F. Segnar. Enron was the result of InterNorth’s acquisition of Houston Natural Gas in 1985. Under the new terms of this acquisition, the company was headed by Kenneth Lay on the first day of 1997. Enron offered employment for 20,600 employees in four major segments over the U.S., South America. Asia,Read MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Case1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enron case is a very popular case to show how the profession of accounting is vital to make the corporate world of business flow reliably. Enron was recognized as one of the world’s major electricity, natural gas, communications and pulp and paper’s company. However Enron was found to record assets and profits at inflated, fraudulent and non-existent amounts. Debts and losses were found to be excluded from financial statements along with other major transactions between Enron and other companiesRead Mo reBefore Going Bankrupt In 2001 Enron Corporation Was One1404 Words   |  6 PagesBefore going bankrupt in 2001 Enron Corporation was one of the biggest incorporated natural gas and electricity companies on earth. It dealt with selling natural gas liquids worldwide, and operated one of the biggest natural gas transmission systems in the world. They had become one of the largest developers and producers of electricity in the world, and supplied industrial and evolving markets including individual consumers. Enron was a major dealer of solar and wind renewable energy globally, hadRead MoreEnron Corporation : The Largest Energy Trading Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesEnron Corporation is the largest energy-trading located in Houston, Texas. It was founded by Kenneth L. Lay in 1985. Enron has been form through the merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth Incorporation and initially named it as HNG/Inter-North Incorporation, before renames it as Enteron. In 1986, the company n ame has been shortened to Enron Corporation. At the beginning of the operation, Enron only involved in the transmission and distribution of electricity and gas throughout the UnitedRead MoreEnron Corporation: An Electivity and Natural Gas Company1621 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Corporation was formed in 1985 when Houston Natural Gas merged with InterNorth to create an electricity and natural gas company that would eventually become Enron. After Houston Natural Gas merged with InterNorth, the former chairman of Houston Natural Gas, Kenneth Lay, was appointed as CEO of Enron. The Chief Executive Officer of Enron, Kenneth Lay’s ultimate goal was to make Enron â€Å"the world’s greatest company,† but unfortunately he failed to achieve his goal. During the 1990s, Enron wasRead MoreManagement Organization1074 Words   |  5 Pages This paper will discuss Enron, and the business failure that occurred. At one time, Enron was one of the largest energy providers in Amer ica, based out of Houston, Texas. This paper will explain how specific organizational behavior theories could have predicted Enron’s failure. Also provide a comparison and contrast how leadership management and organizational structures contributed to the failure. Enron History Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay. Enron was formed by Mr. Lay† mergingRead MoreHistory And Formation Of Enron966 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Formation of Enron Enron was formed through the merger of Houston Natural Gas (HNG) of Houston, Texas and InterNorth of Omaha, Nebraska. HNG covered the Florida and California market, their pipelines running from east to west. InterNorth catered the Iowa and Minnesota market, their pipelines running from north to south. HNG was formed in 1920, providing gas to retail customers in Houston. The company sold its retail gas business in 1920 and ventured into the gas exploration and productionRead MoreNorthern Natural Gas Company Management1225 Words   |  5 Pages Enron Corporation was once known as Northern Natural Gas Company, Founded in 1932 in Omaha, Nebraska as a provider of natural gas. Through its early stages, Northern Natural Gas Company was unsuccessful in their business venture. They experienced problems in persuading consumers to use natural gas to heat their homes because of fear that natural gas leaks lead to explosions. Thanks to the great depression, many people were taking the risk bec ause of how relatively cheap natural gas was. As theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Smarted Guys 1584 Words   |  7 PagesHavill The history of Enron is described in detail in the film â€Å"The Smarted Guys in the Room†. According to the film, Enron was founded by Kenneth Lay in 1985, functioning originally as a producer and supplier of natural gas. Enron built and operated power plants and pipelines all over the United States. The company’s wealth expanded quickly due to marketing, promotional strategies and stock price. One of the important aspects noted in the film was Lay’s relationship with the Bush family

Philippine Literature free essay sample

Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. It is not a secret that many Filipinos are unfamiliar with much of the countrys literary heritage, especially those that were written long before the Spaniards arrived in our country. This is due to the fact that the stories of ancient time were not written, but rather passed on from generation to generation through word of mouth. Only during 1521 did the early Filipinos become acquainted with literature due to the influence of the Spaniards on us. But the literature that the Filipinos became acquainted with are not Philippine-made, rather, they were works of Spanish authors. So successful were the efforts of colonists to blot out the memory of the countrys largely oral past that present-day Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the countrys wealth of ethnic traditions and disseminating them in schools through mass media. The rise of nationalistic pride in the 1960s and 1970s also helped bring about this change of attitude among a new breed of Filipinos concerned about the Filipino identity. Earliest works In 1593 Doctrina Christiana is the first book printed in the Philippines. The Doctrina Christiana is remarkable not only for having been printed at such an early period in an elaborated black letter of the Spanish language, but also for having copies made in Tagalog, both in Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives at the time, plus another translation in traditional Chinese. In 1610 Tomas Pinpin wrote and printed the â€Å"Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla†, 119 pages long, designed to help fellow Filipinos to learn the Spanish language in a simple way. He is also with the first news publication made in the Philippines, Successos Felices. Tomas Pinpin was a printer, writer and publisher from Abucay, a municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines, who was the first Filipino printer and is sometimes referred as the Prince of the Filipino Printers. Archaic Writing System Compared to other Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines have very few artifacts that show evidence of writing, like the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It is known that the Filipinos transferred information by word of mouth so it is not a surprise to know that literacy only became widespread in 1571 when the Spaniards came to the Philippines. But the early script used by the Filipinos called Baybayin (often mistaken by most Filipinos as Alibata, although this was deprived from Arabic, which had no influence on the Philippine language whatsoever, became widespread in Luzon. The Spaniards recorded that people in Manila and other places wrote on bamboo or on specially prepared palm leaves, using knives and styli. They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17 basic symbols, three of which were the vowels a/e, i, and o/u. Each basic consonantal symbol had the inherent a sound: ka, ga, nga, ta, da, na, pa, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, and ha. A diacritical mark, called kudlit, modified the sound of the symbol into different vowel sounds. The kudlit could be a dot, a short line, or even an arrowhead. When placed above the symbol, it changed the inherent sound of the symbol from a/e to i; placed below, the sound became o/u. Thus a ba/be with a kudlit placed above became a bi; if the kudlit was placed below, the symbol became a bo/bu. Pre-Colonial Period (BC to 1564) Owing to the works of our own archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, we are able to know more and better judge information about Philippine pre-colonial times set against a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers of the past. Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase the Philippines rich past through their folk sayings, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances. The most seminal of these folk sayings is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilonggo and patototdon in Bicol. There are also proverbs or aphorisms that express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse. The folk song is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in the childrens songs or Ida-ida (Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). A few examples are the lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilonggo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilonggo); harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and also serve as tools for teaching the young; work songs that depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song), the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song, and the verbal jousts/games like the duplo popular during wakes. The folk narratives, such as epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They were created to explain the phenomena of the world long before science came to be known. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, the origins of things. Fables are about animals and these teach moral lessons. The epics come in various names: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao); and Ulahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. They are performed during feasts and special occasions such as harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen (Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from TuwaangManobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (Tboli). The Spanish Colonization Period (1565 to 1863) Colonial Literature (16th-18th Century) The arrival of the Spaniards in 1565 brought Spanish culture and language. The Spanish conquerors, governing from Mexico for the crown of Spain, established a strict class system that was based on race and soon imposed Roman Catholicism on the native population. Augustinian and Franciscan missionaries, accompanied by Spanish soldiers soon spread Christianity from island to island. Their mission was made easier by the forced relocation of indigenous peoples during this time, as the uprooted natives turned to the foreign, structured religion as the new center of their lives. The priests and friars preached in local languages and employed indigenous peoples as translators, creating a bilingual class known as Ladinos. The natives, called indios, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Later, the Mexican ballads of chivalry, the corrido, provided a model for secular literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the regional languages for the illiterate majority. They were also written in the Roman alphabet in the principal languages and widely circulated. In the early seventeenth century a Tagalog printer, Tomas Pinpin, set out to write a book in Romanized phonetic script, which would teach Tagalogs the principles of learning Castilian. His book, published by the Dominican press where he worked, appeared in 1610. Unlike the missionarys grammar (which Pinpin had set in type), the Tagalog natives book dealt with the language of the dominant rather than the subordinate other. Pinpins book was the first such work ever written and published by a Philippine native. As such, it is richly instructive for what it tells us about the interests that animated Tagalog translation and, by implication, Tagalog conversion in the early colonial period. Pinpin construed translation in ways that tended less to oppose than to elude the totalizing claims of Spanish signifying conventions. Classical Literature (19th century) Classical literature (Jose Rizal, Pedro Paterno, Jesus Balmori, Huerta, Farolan, Licsi, Lumba, Castillo, etc. ) and historical documents (the national anthem, Constitucion Politica de Malolos, etc.) were written in Spanish, which is no longer an official language. Nationalism was first propagated in the Spanish language, especially in the writings of Marcelo H. Del Pilar or Plaridel in the La Solidaridad publications. In Cebu, the first Spanish newspaper, El Boletin de Cebu, was published in 1886. On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Espera nza, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City, El Boletin de Cebu (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890. La Esperanza (1846) The first daily which began publication in 1846. Diario de Manila (1848) It was the only newspaper that did not undergo banning by the Spanish officials. Founded 1848, the magazine existed for 38 years. El Catolico Filipino (1862) On February 1, 1862, the first religious newspaper by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. This paper precipitated the Cavite rebellion. Published by Mariano Sevilla, the paper carried the slogan Religious Unity and called on all Filipinos to unite under one church. Ironically, the church did not have a hand in the organization nor in the circulation of the paper. An organ of information based on Catholic principles. La Opinion (1887) Founded on April 1, 1887 and lasted up to 1890, was the first politics-oriented daily. It was considered the cheapest paper at that time costing 50 centavos for a months subscription. La Solidaridad and the Revolutionary Papers (1889) A fortnightly periodical published by Filipino emigres in Spain in 1889, became the vehicle through which nationalistic views were propagated. Its first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Other revolutionary papers of the time include Kalayaan, La Libertad, La Independenda, La Republica Filipinas, La Revolucion, El Renacimiento, and La Vanguardia. Most revolutionary papers were published outside the country either in Madrid or Barcelona due to Spanish censorship Ang kalayaan(1896) was the official newspaper of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, for short. It was founded and edited by Emilio D. Jacinto in the late 1800s Daily Express (1972) The only newspaper published by Juan Perez but reportedly owned by a Marcos crony, Roberto Benedicto, was the only existing print media at the onset of Martial Law La Illustration Filipino was a Spanish language newspaper published in Manila, Philippines, that ran during the last decade of the Spanish colonial era, and at times during the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the 20th century under U. S. ruleIt was an illustrated weekly newspaper that covered a wide array of social related topics both local and international. Many personalities at the time, both Spanish and Filipinos, contributed articles and pictures, although the newspaper also published anonymous articles that in some cases raised a great deal of controversy. On 1863, the Spanish government introduced a system of free public education that increased the populations ability to read Spanish and thereby furthered the rise of an educated class called the Ilustrado (meaning, well-informed). Spanish became the social language of urban places and the true lingua franca of the archipelago. A good number of Spanish newspapers were published until the end of the 1940’s, the most influential of them being El Renacimiento, printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family. Some members of the ilustrado group, while in Spain, decided to start a Spanish publication with the aim of promoting the autonomy and independence projects. Members of this group included Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the novel Ninay and the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, who wrote excellent poetry and his two famous novels in Spanish: Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), and El Filibusterismo. Especially potent was La Solidaridad, more fondly called La Sol by the members of the propaganda movement, founded in 15 February 1885. With the help of this paper, Filipino national heroes like Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar were able to voice out their sentiments. Poetry and metrical romances †¢Ladino Poems – Were natives of first Tagalog versifiers who saw print: highly literate in both Spanish and the vernacular. Salamat nang walang hanga gracias se den sempiternas, sa nagpasilang ng talaal que hizo salir la estrella: macapagpanao nang dilim que destierre las tinieblas sa lahat na bayan natin de toda esta nuestra tierra. †¢Corridos – Were widely read during the Spanish period that filled the populaces need for entertainment as well as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. †¢Awit – like corridos, these were also widely read during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisur e time. It is also a fabrication of the writers’ imagination although the characters and the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains. ANG BUOD NG IBONG ADARNA Sa isang mapayapang kaharian ng Berbanya, may isang hari na ang pangalan ay si Don Fernando, ang kanyang asawa ay si Donya Valeriana. Sila ay may tatlong anak na lalaki. Ang pinakamatanda ay si Don Pedro, ang ikalawa ay si Don Diego at ang bunso ay si Don Juan. Isang gabi, samantalang natutulog si Don Fernando, nagkaroon sya ng isang masamang panaginip at sya ay nagkasakit. Ang kanyang panaginip ay tungkol kay Don Juan na sya daw ay inihagis sa isang balong malalim ng dalawang lalaki. Kinabukasan, ipinatawag ang lahat ng manggagamot sa Berbanya upang gamutin ang hari, ngunit walang makapagpagaling sa kanya. Hanggat isang ermitanyo ang dumating at nagsabi na ang tanging makapagpapagaling sa kanya ay ang pitong awit ng Ibong Adarna. Ang Ibong Adarna ay matatagpuan sa puno ng Piedras Platas sa Bundok ng Tabor. Isinugo ng hari ang kanyang dalawang anak na lalaki upang hanapin ang Ibong Adarna, ang una ay si Don Pedro at sumunod ay si Don Diego, ngunit sila ay nabigo sa paghahanap sa Ibong Adarna. Dahil sa Labis na pagod, sila ay nakatulog sa ilalim ng isang puno na kumikislap ang mga dahon na parang diamante. Kapag dumapo ang Ibong Adarna sa kalaliman ng gabi ito ay umaawit at pagkatapos ay umiipot. Nang mapatakan ng ipot ng ibong Adarna ang dalawang prinsipe, silay naging bato. Lumipas ang tatlong taon ngunit hindi na nakabalik ang dalawang prinsipe, dahil dito natakot si Don Fernando na isugo ang kanyang bunsong anak na si Don Juan dahil baka magkatotoo ang kanyang panaginip. Ngunit nagpumilit si Don Juan na hanapin ang Ibong Adarna. Samantalang si Don Juan ay naglalakbay upang hanapin ang ibon, nakita nya ang isang ketongin na humingi sa kanya ng pagkain. Dahil si Don Juan ay may magandang kalooban, ibinigay nya ang kanyang kahuli-hulihang baon na tinapay sa matandang lalaki na ketongin. Dahil dito, tinulungan sya ng ketongin kung papaano matatagpuan ang Ibong Adarna. Sinabi nito na mayroon isang maliit na bahay malapit sa bundok kung saan nakatira ang isang ermitanyo na magbibigay sa kanya ng kaalaman kung papano mahuhuli ang Ibong Adarna. At ibinilin din ng matanda na huwag syang hihimlay sa isang puno na kaiga-igaya ang anyo.