Helping Make Hair Loss History Essay

Characterize Propecia’s potential client base. What is Propecia contending with in the consumer’s mind? What can be gained from Rogaine’s involvement with the commercial center? Propecia is a medication against going bald, powerful both on halting and turning around the Male Pattern Hair Loss. As indicated by Tom Casola, the brand administrator of Propecia, the potential client base is in any event half of the male populace, as MPHL occured in 30-40 million American men, which is around half od Caucasian men younger than 50, with the lifetime rate to arrive at 100%. Be that as it may, when contrasted with others race and nationalities. Neither people of color, Japanese men nor Chinese men were as prone to create MPHL as frequantly as Caucasian men, at any rate not until later ages. What Propecia is contending with in consumer’s mind is that, as indicated by the exploration Merck did, purchasers accept going bald to be a moderate procedure and they don't look for treatment sufficiently early, at any rate not before attempting several cures of their own including brushing, wearinh caps, searching through the hari striking spots, which is essentially in light of the fact that they are not completely mindful of the level of their going bald, as it is most likeley occurring at the back or top of their head. Albeit 2/3 of men losing hair consider of it to be an issue, half of those believe it to be a futre issue, and the staying 1/3 doesn't believe it to be an issue. The thought of this issue to be a future issue, or an unavoidable issue, assembles sort of an obstruction as far as the eagerness to battle it. What's more, Merck needs to concentrate on indicating that it is a current issue and not a future issue and shoudl be tended to at the earliest opportunity, so as to have accomplishment over it, and making it not unavoidable. Rogaine, a topical including minoxidil, full of feeling against going bald, insofar as utilized, was the frst FDA endorsed topical going bald intercession, which was not effective as a recommended medication in spite of the conviction of its expected accomplishment in income, until it turned into an on-the-counter item. What Propecia can gain from Rogaine is that, the item ought to be cautious with the making of shopper desires, in such a case that it neglects to keep up to those desires, it can wind up like the first dispatch understanding of Rogaine, not coming really near the normal income levels. Despite the fact that it would not be anything but difficult to set the correct degree of purchaser desire, bringing down desires ought to be blaned with additionally making a positive bounce efor the item according to shoppers. 2. How does a client come to utilize Propecia? By what means can Merck best impact that procedure? Since balding isn't brought about by doctors to be a urgernt issue, shoppers ought to be coordinated as far as promoting with the end goal for them to utilize Propecia. As referenced before, going bald is a typical issue for a large portion of the men and a cure is required not on the grounds that it is an earnest or a deadly issue however for improving the lives of those individuals, which is one of the targets of Merck. As per past experience of Merch with different items, particularly those it promoted through direct-to-customer publicizing, which it intends to accomplish for propecia, shoppers who approached their doctor for a promoted sedate, receieved a presciription for it (75%-85% of the patients). 3. What kind of advertisements, assuming any, should Tom Casola run at item dispatch? What message ought to Propecia pass on to expected clients? It is a really intense choice to make, picking one of the three include types. Help Seeking advertisements would have a negative influence for the most part on the grounds that the promotions ought to be brandless, yet the dispatch is at comparative occasions with the additional quality recipe Rogain’s dispatch time, and as the brand attention to Rogaine is high, our advertisements would profit them more than it would Propecia. Then again, item guarantee advertisements, despite the fact that appears to be a trustworthy choice to go with, has a high expected hazard, becase the side influences are to be referenced in the promotion, and making of a brand mindfulness assosicated with apparently high dangers of sexual reactions for men and pregnancy issues for ladies, it would not be a decent planning for highlingting these symptoms, where the opposition is accompanying a progressively compelling item contrasted with the solid item previously ruling the market at some level, with not really this sort of genuine symptoms, in spite of the fact that they are not high dangers. Third choice of update advertisements, which don't appear to be the best technique at some other given time, as referenced by Casola, there is no reason for having a promotion that makes brand mindfulness where you can't tell that the item is a going bald item, as of now it appears the soundest street to take. There is a hazard that the brand mindfulness would be vacant inside, yet alongside working with specialists, for the most part dematologists who might be progressively anxious to endorse Propecia, and asking individuals to see a dermatologists in the promotions, would be the best of the choices. Along these lines, making the issue a medical problem, which ought to be taken care of through a dematologists would make a type of hindrances for the on-the-counter rivalry particularly the new Rogaine to come. 4. What job does a doctor play in this specific situation? What amount enumerating exertion is vital? Pysicians are primarly the clients of recommended drugs, as they are the ones endorsing the medications to the patients, the realt purchasers. All together for the creation the pysicians to endorse the expected medications, pharmaceutical organizations have agents, who straightforwardly go to the doctors and portray the medication, which is called specifying. As indicated by the information given for the situation, the expected up close and personal collaboration between a salesman and a doctor is around 2 minutes, where the agent should do enumerating of 3 medications. So as to have a compelling enumerating to convince pysicians to proescribe the proposed tranquilize very nearly 6 visits on normal paid to the pysician. 5. Do you think a first year deals estimate of $60 million would be preservationist or hopeful? As a matter of first importance we have to consider that the potential balding markets represents about $1. 5 billion of yearly deals. Half of the market is going bald medical procedure and the rest is separated among mechanical and topical arrangements. So as to gauge a $60 million deals per year, Propecia needs 100. 000 clients who burned through $50 every month. At the point when we contrast this with the ineffective parlor of Rogaine, as a recommended tranquilize, costing $60 every month, it made 400. 000 clients and created $100 million deals. So contrasted with this with the information that being experimentally demonstrated in any event among a greater part of the clinical preliminaries and having a superior achievement potential than Rogaine, even just before Rogaine increasingly successful item coming, it is moderate to think Propecia would reach $60 million deals estimate for the principal year.

Group 2A The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Example For Students

Gathering 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals Essay Introduction:This lab was partitioned into four sections: Part 1 was tied in with testing for hydrogen gas. Section 2 included finding the pH levels of specific components. Section 3 was tied in with testing for dissolvability. Section 4 was basically taking in the perceptions and appearing well and good. Procedure:Part 1: 1) Pour about 2.5 mL of refined water into a perfect, dry test cylinder and stand the cylinder in the test tube rack. Add a calcium going to the water in the cylinder. To gather gas being discharged, transform a spotless, dry test tube holder. 2) Test for hydrogen gas by embeddings a consuming wood brace into the upper piece of the altered cylinder. 3) Add a couple of drops of phenolphthalein answer for the reactant tube. Subsequent to mentioning your objective facts, dispose of the substance of the cylinder and perfect and dry the cylinder. 4) Repeat stage 1, utilizing a 10-cm bit of magnesium strip instead of the calcium. On the off chance that no noticeable response happens, heat the water to bubbling, utilizing a test tube holder to hold the cylinder over the burner fire. Alert: Point the cylinder away from yourself as well as other people while warming. 5) Once the water is bubbling, stand the cylinder in a test tube rack and, utilizing a test tube holder, transform a gathering tube over the reactant tube. Following a couple of moments, test for hydrogen gas. 6) Turn off the burner and include a couple of drops of phenolphthalein to the reactant tube. Record your perceptions. Dispose of the substance of the cylinder, and spotless and dry the cylinder. Part 2:7) Obtain 2.5-mL tests of immersed arrangements of calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and barium hydroxide. Test every arrangement with pH paper. Record the pH of every arrangement. Part3:8) Using the research facility balance, measure out 1-g test of magnesium sulfate. Spot it in a perfect, dry test tube. 9) Repeat stage 8 for calcium sulfate and barium sulfate. 10) Add 2.5 mL of refined water to each cylinder. Utilizing a glass mixing pole, mix every blend completely, getting however much of every strong to break down as could be expected. Record your perceptions of the overall solubilities of every one of these mixes. Part 4:11)Stand 3 perfect, dry test tubes in the test tube rack. Utilizing the 0.1M arrangements, include about 2.5mL of the MgCl2 answer for one cylinder, 2.5 mL of the CaCl2 answer for a subsequent cylinder, and 2.5 mL of BaCl2 to the third cylinder. 12)To every one of the arrangements in the test tubes, include around 1 mL of the Na2CO3 arrangement. Record your perceptions. Materials:balancewood splintsburner pH papertest tubes, 13 x 100 mm (3)stirrertest cylinder holderflame testertest tube rackfilter papercalcium turnings (Ca)saturated arrangements of :magnesium lace (Mg)calcium hydroxidemagnesium sulfate gems (MgSO4)magnesium hydroxidecalcium sulfate precious stones (CaSO4)barium hydroxidebarium sulfate gems (BaSO4)0.1 M arrangements of :refined watersodium carbonatephenolphthalein solutionmagnesium chloridecalcium chloridebarium chlorideResults:See connected dittoDiscussion:For us, there were not a mess of desires for this lab aside from testing for the hydrogen gas, where we believed that gas would be created in both the calcium and the magnesium, and in the two cases, our theory was right. This lab had a ton of potential wellsprings of blunder essentially in such a case that anybody had reused or returned the example of a component, the whole amount of that component was tainted. In this way, there could be sullied tests, grimy test tubes, and eve n conceivably messy water. Conclusion:I had felt this would have been a confounding lab, yet as it went on, I wound up understanding the material very well. We were both very interested by the hydrogen gas explore different avenues regarding the age of sound from fire and gas. With everything taken into account, I saw this as a truly fun lab.

Symbol of American Culture - Uncle Sam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Image of American Culture - Uncle Sam - Essay Example History dates the American war with England in the north to 1812. Samuel Wilson was given the delicate to investigate and flexibly American officers during the war with meat. He was an eminent meat and pork packer, auditor and merchant in New York. The United States government shipped the meat bearing â€Å"U.S† on the barrels since the warriors realized that the meat was from the administration yet examined by Samuel, they began to allude to the meat as Uncle Sam’s. After a year this name was embraced by the populaces as the informal name for the United States government (Swosugrad09 and Miller, pg.4-6). A few other government properties that went through Samuel for assessment were stamped â€Å"U.S†, causing the individuals in the nation to accept that Uncle Sam was the administration. There was a need to give Uncle Sam a figure to help in his imagery top the American individuals. Originators began to make their own pictures of Uncle Sam for drawings, flags and papers. In addition, enlistment process for the American armed force for the First World War, made a road where Uncle Sam was represented. The drawing indicated a man with a harsh face, clad in a blue coat, white shirt and a cap with stars on it. This was a portrayal of the American banner which had blue, white and red with 49 stars in it. The man was drawn with a sharp finger with huge subtitled words underneath it, making it ‘talk’ to individuals. ... In the move by congress to improve the security of the nation and its kin, the congress looked to utilize cameras and PCs in the resident’s houses to screen any security dangers. Papers journalists who were against the move composed articles and alluded to the legislature as Uncle Sam watching out for his kin. This closes all that Uncle Sam does is an image not to speak to the individuals, however the administration itself. Varieties in government activities have prompted deviation in the portrayal of Uncle Sam to the individuals. At the point when a positive motion is done or accomplished by the administration, Uncle Sam is wearing United States representative hues speaking to his cooperative attitude for residents. At the point when the administration causes arrangements that the residents to feel conflict with their desires, he is spoken to in drawings clad in regular clothes showing it is against wishes of the American residents. Uncle Sam additionally has had more notewor thy acknowledgment with his symbolization of enthusiasm. He was put on the map in two periods where the American residents needed a dad figure. His impact during the war in 1812 and later his quality that persuaded the Americans in the First World War demonstrated his call for nationalism. Also, with the present changes that have experienced in the United States, Uncle Sam figure has not come up short on some analysis. To start with, with the expansion in the minority nearness in the United States populace, the figure is seen not to enough speak to them. Uncle Sam advanced when American was basically comprised of the white populace. Moreover, with the present changes in demography and increment in minority bunches in the country’s tremendous populace, Uncle Sam may lose a portion of his noticeable quality among the individuals. The minority populace may request the

History Quiz - Free Essay Example

Question 1 0 out of 1 points 1. In which year did the United States become the world’s greatest industrial power? Selected Answer: a. 1890 Correct Answer: d. 1910 Question 2 0 out of 1 points 2. One of the leading innovators in the production and marketing of goods at the turn of the century was Selected Answer: a. Henry George. Correct Answer: b. James Duke. Question 3 1 out of 1 points 3. In 1901, J. P. Morgan handled the huge industrial merger that formed the Selected Answer: e. U. S. Steel Corporation. Correct Answer: e. U. S. Steel Corporation. Question 4 1 out of 1 points 4. The idea of scientific management is most closely associated with Selected Answer: b. Frederick Taylor. Correct Answer: b. Frederick Taylor. Question 5 1 out of 1 points 5. The first assembly line was introduced in the Selected Answer: b. automobile industry. Correct Answer: b. automobile industry. Question 6 0 out of 1 points 6. For the most part, workers _______________ the assembly line, no mat ter what the industry. Selected Answer: a. favored Correct Answer: c. hated Question 7 1 out of 1 points 7. The author of The Passing of the Great Race, which argued that America should rid itself of inferior races, was Selected Answer: c. Madison Grant. Correct Answer: c. Madison Grant. Question 8 1 out of 1 points 8. Most immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1880 and 1914 came from Selected Answer: b. eastern and southern Europe. Correct Answer: b. eastern and southern Europe. Question 9 1 out of 1 points 9. For the most part, native-born Americans viewed the â€Å"new immigrants† as Selected Answer: e. racially inferior and culturally impoverished. Correct Answer: e. racially inferior and culturally impoverished. Question 10 0 out of 1 points 10. The primary motivation for late-nineteenth-century immigration was Selected Answer: a. religious persecution. Correct Answer: c. economic hardship. Question 11 1 out of 1 points 11. The quintessential force in late-nineteenth-century city government was Selected Answer: b. the political machine. Correct Answer: b. the political machine. Question 12 1 out of 1 points 12. Ironically, labor was prevented from organizing because of the government’s use of Selected Answer: c. the Sherman Antitrust Act. Correct Answer: c. the Sherman Antitrust Act. Question 13 1 out of 1 points 3. The long-time president of the American Federation of Labor was Selected Answer: a. Samuel Gompers. Correct Answer: a. Samuel Gompers. Question 14 1 out of 1 points 14. William â€Å"Big Bill† Haywood was the leader of which of the following unions? Selected Answer: c. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Correct Answer: c. Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Question 15 1 out of 1 points 15. The most popular form of entertainment in turn-of-the-century urban America was Selected Answer: c. the movies. Correct Answer: c. the movies. Question 16 0 out of 1 points 6. For most of the nineteenth century, relations between men and women were dominated by the idea of Selected Answer: a. â€Å"domination and subordination. † Correct Answer: e. â€Å"separate spheres. † Question 17 1 out of 1 points 17. What was the Kong Chow Association? Selected Answer: c. A self-help organization that formed in San Francisco that provided support for new arrivals in California in the late 1840s. Correct Answer: c. A self-help organization that formed in San Francisco that provided support for new arrivals in California in the late 1840s. Question 18 1 out of 1 points 18. Which of the following statements is not true with respect to Chinese immigration to the United States? Selected Answer: a. The aftermath of the 1840 Opium War with Russia compelled many to leave their homeland. Correct Answer: a. The aftermath of the 1840 Opium War with Russia compelled many to leave their homeland. Question 19 1 out of 1 points 19. Which of the following statements does not apply to the Workingman ’s Party in California? Selected Answer: c. It became a powerful political force that lasted through the early 20th century. Correct Answer: c. It became a powerful political force that lasted through the early 20th century. Question 20 1 out of 1 points 20. What did the Geary Act of 1892 accomplish? Selected Answer: a. It extended the provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act for ten more years. Correct Answer: a. It extended the provision of the Chinese Exclusion Act for ten more years. Question 21 0 out of 1 points 21. All of the following statements regarding Ford Model Ts are true except: Selected Answer: a. between 1910 and 1914, production time dropped 90 percent. Correct Answer: b. by 1914, Ford produced six hundred Model Ts a day. Question 22 0 out of 1 points 22. Which of the following women argued for radical transformations in domestic work relations as one step toward gender equality? Selected Answer: c. Alice Paul Correct Answer: b. Charlotte Perkins Gilman Q uestion 23 1 out of 1 points 23. Social Darwinism argued that human history witnessed the: Selected Answer: e. struggle among the races, with the strongest triumphing. Correct Answer: e. struggle among the races, with the strongest triumphing. Question 24 1 out of 1 points 24. Henry Fords Model T revolutionized U. S. society by: Selected Answer: a. providing inexpensive, reliable transportation for working-class Americans. Correct Answer: a. providing inexpensive, reliable transportation for working-class Americans. Question 25 1 out of 1 points 25. Henry Ford intervened in his workers lives by: Selected Answer: c. hiring social workers to help employees improve their personal lives. Correct Answer: c. hiring social workers to help employees improve their personal lives.

COMPARISON WALMART AND TARGET - 1469 Words

The annual reports of Wal-Mart and Target are provided free of charge via walmart.com and target.com. Upon inspection, the Wal-Mart and target reports include meaningful financial statements, including the Statement of Owners Equity, Income Statement, and Balance Sheet. These statements were obtained through 10-K statements available on walmart.com and target.com. In comparing the statements of these companies, Wal-Mart and Target both provide multi-step Statements of Operations, which include the current and previous 2 years financial information. Selected Data from Statement of Operations (Dollars in Millions) Wal-Mart (2002) Wal-Mart (2001) Wal-Mart (2002) Wal-Mart (2001) Sales$5,269.3$4,870.3$3,486.1$3,387.9 Gross†¦show more content†¦Legal settlements, property and equipment, income tax and commitments are also noted. Wal-Mart notes to financial statements state that merchandise inventories are stated at lower cost or market using the retail inventory method on the FIFO basis for 82% of the companys inventory. GameStop inventory (or remaining %) is recorded at average cost, and valued on the LIFO method. Target states that if all inventories valued at LIFO costs were valued at current costs, inventories would remain unchanged. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset, while different methods are used for tax purposes. Wal-Mart records all short-term instruments with original maturity dates of 3 months or less as cash equivalents. Revenues are recognized at the time of sale, and sales returns are recognized at the time of return. Additional notes to financial statements are numerous, and include a disclosure of stock option plans, pension and retirement plans, acquisitions, and leasing agreements. Advertising, legal and subscription service revenue s are also discussed. To provide a detailed comparison of Wal-Mart and Target, ratios were calculated in the following areas: Liquidity, Profitability, Long-Term Solvency, Cash Flow Adequacy, and Market Strength. The results of these calculations are shown on the following page. Liquidity Ratios (2002-2001)Target (2002-2001) Wal-Mart Working Capital ($ millions)Show MoreRelatedTarget Strategic Audit Essay15491 Words   |  62 Pagesï » ¿ TARGET CORPORATION STRATEGIC AUDIT MGMT 7160 Fall 2013 Executive Summary This report examines Target Corporation’s performance in a detailed strategic audit. The audit includes an external, internal and strategic analysis as well as a recommended course of action. 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Enron Was One Of The Largest Electricity And Natural Gas

Enron was one of the largest electricity and natural gas companies in the world located in Houston, Texas. On December 2nd 2001, Enron filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy when it was found by the SEC that they were misstating their income and their equity value fell below what their balance sheet had stated. The stock of the company was once selling around $90 per share and had a net worth of $70 billion dollars. At one point, the company stood as the 6th largest energy company in their world known for their innovativeness and is now known as one of the largest accounting scandals in history. The major contributors to the scandal was Ken Lay, the CEO and chairman or Enron and Jeffery Skilling, the CEO and president of Enron at the time of the†¦show more content†¦Shim’s notes). They can also be defined as basic principles or notions of appropriate human demeanor. Dr. Shim’s notes also state they are accepted standards of good behavior that govern the conduct of an individual or a profession, which is the complete opposite of how Enron behaved. Enron failed to follow the code of ethics when they misstated their income and chose not to provide their earnings on their financial statements. The Institute of Management Accountants created a code of ethics that include: competence, confidentiality, integrity, credibility and resolution of ethical conflict which provide clear and concise standards that should be met in the work place (Dr. Shim’s notes). It was made evident that in the case of the Enron scandal, they have failed to abide by this cod e. Competence is to perform professional duties in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and technical standards. It also should provide decisions that support information and recommendations that are accurate, clear, concise and timely. They fell guilty of breaking this standard by not producing clear and accurate reports which in turn lead to laws and regulations being broken. Enron was guilty of misstating their income and not including their earnings on their financial statements. Confidentiality is keeping information confidential except when disclosure is authorized or legally required. ItShow MoreRelatedEnron Corporation : A Foundation Of Fraud, Corruption, Greed, And Immorality1547 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Enron Scandal December 31, 2001 will forever be etched in history as the day that one of the biggest white collar scandals came to an end. Electric and natural gas giant Enron was found to have been defrauding its investors out of billions of dollars in order to increase its stock prices, and fatten the pockets of high executives particularly Chairman and CEO Kenneth Lay, President and COO Jeffrey Skilling, and CFO Andrew Fastow. 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According to the film, Enron was founded by Kenneth Lay in 1985, functioning originally as a producer and supplier of natural gas. Enron built and operated power plants and pipelines all over the United States. The company’s wealth expanded quickly due to marketing, promotional strategies and stock price. One of the important aspects noted in the film was Lay’s relationship with the Bush family

Philippine Literature free essay sample

Philippine Literature is a diverse and rich group of works that has evolved side-by-side with the country’s history. Literature had started with fables and legends made by the ancient Filipinos long before the arrival of Spanish influence. The main themes of Philippine literature focus on the country’s pre-colonial cultural traditions and the socio-political histories of its colonial and contemporary traditions. It is not a secret that many Filipinos are unfamiliar with much of the countrys literary heritage, especially those that were written long before the Spaniards arrived in our country. This is due to the fact that the stories of ancient time were not written, but rather passed on from generation to generation through word of mouth. Only during 1521 did the early Filipinos become acquainted with literature due to the influence of the Spaniards on us. But the literature that the Filipinos became acquainted with are not Philippine-made, rather, they were works of Spanish authors. So successful were the efforts of colonists to blot out the memory of the countrys largely oral past that present-day Filipino writers, artists and journalists are trying to correct this inequity by recognizing the countrys wealth of ethnic traditions and disseminating them in schools through mass media. The rise of nationalistic pride in the 1960s and 1970s also helped bring about this change of attitude among a new breed of Filipinos concerned about the Filipino identity. Earliest works In 1593 Doctrina Christiana is the first book printed in the Philippines. The Doctrina Christiana is remarkable not only for having been printed at such an early period in an elaborated black letter of the Spanish language, but also for having copies made in Tagalog, both in Latin script and the commonly used Baybayin script of the natives at the time, plus another translation in traditional Chinese. In 1610 Tomas Pinpin wrote and printed the â€Å"Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castilla†, 119 pages long, designed to help fellow Filipinos to learn the Spanish language in a simple way. He is also with the first news publication made in the Philippines, Successos Felices. Tomas Pinpin was a printer, writer and publisher from Abucay, a municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines, who was the first Filipino printer and is sometimes referred as the Prince of the Filipino Printers. Archaic Writing System Compared to other Southeast Asian countries, the Philippines have very few artifacts that show evidence of writing, like the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It is known that the Filipinos transferred information by word of mouth so it is not a surprise to know that literacy only became widespread in 1571 when the Spaniards came to the Philippines. But the early script used by the Filipinos called Baybayin (often mistaken by most Filipinos as Alibata, although this was deprived from Arabic, which had no influence on the Philippine language whatsoever, became widespread in Luzon. The Spaniards recorded that people in Manila and other places wrote on bamboo or on specially prepared palm leaves, using knives and styli. They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17 basic symbols, three of which were the vowels a/e, i, and o/u. Each basic consonantal symbol had the inherent a sound: ka, ga, nga, ta, da, na, pa, ba, ma, ya, la, wa, sa, and ha. A diacritical mark, called kudlit, modified the sound of the symbol into different vowel sounds. The kudlit could be a dot, a short line, or even an arrowhead. When placed above the symbol, it changed the inherent sound of the symbol from a/e to i; placed below, the sound became o/u. Thus a ba/be with a kudlit placed above became a bi; if the kudlit was placed below, the symbol became a bo/bu. Pre-Colonial Period (BC to 1564) Owing to the works of our own archaeologists, ethnologists and anthropologists, we are able to know more and better judge information about Philippine pre-colonial times set against a bulk of material about early Filipinos as recorded by Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and other chroniclers of the past. Pre-colonial inhabitants of our islands showcase the Philippines rich past through their folk sayings, folk songs, folk narratives and indigenous rituals and mimetic dances. The most seminal of these folk sayings is the riddle which is tigmo in Cebuano, bugtong in Tagalog, paktakon in Ilonggo and patototdon in Bicol. There are also proverbs or aphorisms that express norms or codes of behavior, community beliefs or values by offering nuggets of wisdom in short, rhyming verse. The folk song is a form of folk lyric which expresses the hopes and aspirations, the peoples lifestyles as well as their loves. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive as in the childrens songs or Ida-ida (Maguindanao), tulang pambata (Tagalog) or cansiones para abbing (Ibanag). A few examples are the lullabyes or Ili-ili (Ilonggo); love songs like the panawagon and balitao (Ilonggo); harana or serenade (Cebuano); the bayok (Maranao); the seven-syllable per line poem, ambahan of the Mangyans that are about human relationships, social entertainment and also serve as tools for teaching the young; work songs that depict the livelihood of the people often sung to go with the movement of workers such as the kalusan (Ivatan), soliranin (Tagalog rowing song), the mambayu, a Kalinga rice-pounding song, and the verbal jousts/games like the duplo popular during wakes. The folk narratives, such as epics and folk tales are varied, exotic and magical. They were created to explain the phenomena of the world long before science came to be known. They explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora or fauna and, in the case of legends, the origins of things. Fables are about animals and these teach moral lessons. The epics come in various names: Guman (Subanon); Darangen (Maranao); Hudhud (Ifugao); and Ulahingan (Manobo). These epics revolve around supernatural events or heroic deeds and they embody or validate the beliefs and customs and ideals of a community. They are performed during feasts and special occasions such as harvests, weddings or funerals by chanters. Examples of these epics are the Lam-ang (Ilocano); Hinilawod (Sulod); Kudaman (Palawan); Darangen (Maranao); Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo); Mangovayt Buhong na Langit (The Maiden of the Buhong Sky from TuwaangManobo); Ag Tobig neg Keboklagan (Subanon); and Tudbulol (Tboli). The Spanish Colonization Period (1565 to 1863) Colonial Literature (16th-18th Century) The arrival of the Spaniards in 1565 brought Spanish culture and language. The Spanish conquerors, governing from Mexico for the crown of Spain, established a strict class system that was based on race and soon imposed Roman Catholicism on the native population. Augustinian and Franciscan missionaries, accompanied by Spanish soldiers soon spread Christianity from island to island. Their mission was made easier by the forced relocation of indigenous peoples during this time, as the uprooted natives turned to the foreign, structured religion as the new center of their lives. The priests and friars preached in local languages and employed indigenous peoples as translators, creating a bilingual class known as Ladinos. The natives, called indios, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Later, the Mexican ballads of chivalry, the corrido, provided a model for secular literature. Verse narratives, or komedya, were performed in the regional languages for the illiterate majority. They were also written in the Roman alphabet in the principal languages and widely circulated. In the early seventeenth century a Tagalog printer, Tomas Pinpin, set out to write a book in Romanized phonetic script, which would teach Tagalogs the principles of learning Castilian. His book, published by the Dominican press where he worked, appeared in 1610. Unlike the missionarys grammar (which Pinpin had set in type), the Tagalog natives book dealt with the language of the dominant rather than the subordinate other. Pinpins book was the first such work ever written and published by a Philippine native. As such, it is richly instructive for what it tells us about the interests that animated Tagalog translation and, by implication, Tagalog conversion in the early colonial period. Pinpin construed translation in ways that tended less to oppose than to elude the totalizing claims of Spanish signifying conventions. Classical Literature (19th century) Classical literature (Jose Rizal, Pedro Paterno, Jesus Balmori, Huerta, Farolan, Licsi, Lumba, Castillo, etc. ) and historical documents (the national anthem, Constitucion Politica de Malolos, etc.) were written in Spanish, which is no longer an official language. Nationalism was first propagated in the Spanish language, especially in the writings of Marcelo H. Del Pilar or Plaridel in the La Solidaridad publications. In Cebu, the first Spanish newspaper, El Boletin de Cebu, was published in 1886. On December 1, 1846, the first daily newspaper, La Espera nza, was published in the country. Other early newspapers were La Estrella (1847), Diario de Manila (1848) and Boletin Oficial de Filipinas (1852). The first provincial newspaper was El Eco de Vigan (1884), which was issued in Ilocos. In Cebu City, El Boletin de Cebu (The Bulletin of Cebu) was published in 1890. La Esperanza (1846) The first daily which began publication in 1846. Diario de Manila (1848) It was the only newspaper that did not undergo banning by the Spanish officials. Founded 1848, the magazine existed for 38 years. El Catolico Filipino (1862) On February 1, 1862, the first religious newspaper by Fr. Pedro Pelaez. This paper precipitated the Cavite rebellion. Published by Mariano Sevilla, the paper carried the slogan Religious Unity and called on all Filipinos to unite under one church. Ironically, the church did not have a hand in the organization nor in the circulation of the paper. An organ of information based on Catholic principles. La Opinion (1887) Founded on April 1, 1887 and lasted up to 1890, was the first politics-oriented daily. It was considered the cheapest paper at that time costing 50 centavos for a months subscription. La Solidaridad and the Revolutionary Papers (1889) A fortnightly periodical published by Filipino emigres in Spain in 1889, became the vehicle through which nationalistic views were propagated. Its first editor was Graciano Lopez Jaena. Other revolutionary papers of the time include Kalayaan, La Libertad, La Independenda, La Republica Filipinas, La Revolucion, El Renacimiento, and La Vanguardia. Most revolutionary papers were published outside the country either in Madrid or Barcelona due to Spanish censorship Ang kalayaan(1896) was the official newspaper of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan, for short. It was founded and edited by Emilio D. Jacinto in the late 1800s Daily Express (1972) The only newspaper published by Juan Perez but reportedly owned by a Marcos crony, Roberto Benedicto, was the only existing print media at the onset of Martial Law La Illustration Filipino was a Spanish language newspaper published in Manila, Philippines, that ran during the last decade of the Spanish colonial era, and at times during the Philippine Revolution and the beginning of the 20th century under U. S. ruleIt was an illustrated weekly newspaper that covered a wide array of social related topics both local and international. Many personalities at the time, both Spanish and Filipinos, contributed articles and pictures, although the newspaper also published anonymous articles that in some cases raised a great deal of controversy. On 1863, the Spanish government introduced a system of free public education that increased the populations ability to read Spanish and thereby furthered the rise of an educated class called the Ilustrado (meaning, well-informed). Spanish became the social language of urban places and the true lingua franca of the archipelago. A good number of Spanish newspapers were published until the end of the 1940’s, the most influential of them being El Renacimiento, printed in Manila by members of the Guerrero de Ermita family. Some members of the ilustrado group, while in Spain, decided to start a Spanish publication with the aim of promoting the autonomy and independence projects. Members of this group included Pedro Alejandro Paterno, who wrote the novel Ninay and the Philippine national hero, Jose Rizal, who wrote excellent poetry and his two famous novels in Spanish: Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not), and El Filibusterismo. Especially potent was La Solidaridad, more fondly called La Sol by the members of the propaganda movement, founded in 15 February 1885. With the help of this paper, Filipino national heroes like Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar were able to voice out their sentiments. Poetry and metrical romances †¢Ladino Poems – Were natives of first Tagalog versifiers who saw print: highly literate in both Spanish and the vernacular. Salamat nang walang hanga gracias se den sempiternas, sa nagpasilang ng talaal que hizo salir la estrella: macapagpanao nang dilim que destierre las tinieblas sa lahat na bayan natin de toda esta nuestra tierra. †¢Corridos – Were widely read during the Spanish period that filled the populaces need for entertainment as well as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. †¢Awit – like corridos, these were also widely read during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisur e time. It is also a fabrication of the writers’ imagination although the characters and the setting may be European. The structure is rendered dodecasyllabic quatrains. ANG BUOD NG IBONG ADARNA Sa isang mapayapang kaharian ng Berbanya, may isang hari na ang pangalan ay si Don Fernando, ang kanyang asawa ay si Donya Valeriana. Sila ay may tatlong anak na lalaki. Ang pinakamatanda ay si Don Pedro, ang ikalawa ay si Don Diego at ang bunso ay si Don Juan. Isang gabi, samantalang natutulog si Don Fernando, nagkaroon sya ng isang masamang panaginip at sya ay nagkasakit. Ang kanyang panaginip ay tungkol kay Don Juan na sya daw ay inihagis sa isang balong malalim ng dalawang lalaki. Kinabukasan, ipinatawag ang lahat ng manggagamot sa Berbanya upang gamutin ang hari, ngunit walang makapagpagaling sa kanya. Hanggat isang ermitanyo ang dumating at nagsabi na ang tanging makapagpapagaling sa kanya ay ang pitong awit ng Ibong Adarna. Ang Ibong Adarna ay matatagpuan sa puno ng Piedras Platas sa Bundok ng Tabor. Isinugo ng hari ang kanyang dalawang anak na lalaki upang hanapin ang Ibong Adarna, ang una ay si Don Pedro at sumunod ay si Don Diego, ngunit sila ay nabigo sa paghahanap sa Ibong Adarna. Dahil sa Labis na pagod, sila ay nakatulog sa ilalim ng isang puno na kumikislap ang mga dahon na parang diamante. Kapag dumapo ang Ibong Adarna sa kalaliman ng gabi ito ay umaawit at pagkatapos ay umiipot. Nang mapatakan ng ipot ng ibong Adarna ang dalawang prinsipe, silay naging bato. Lumipas ang tatlong taon ngunit hindi na nakabalik ang dalawang prinsipe, dahil dito natakot si Don Fernando na isugo ang kanyang bunsong anak na si Don Juan dahil baka magkatotoo ang kanyang panaginip. Ngunit nagpumilit si Don Juan na hanapin ang Ibong Adarna. Samantalang si Don Juan ay naglalakbay upang hanapin ang ibon, nakita nya ang isang ketongin na humingi sa kanya ng pagkain. Dahil si Don Juan ay may magandang kalooban, ibinigay nya ang kanyang kahuli-hulihang baon na tinapay sa matandang lalaki na ketongin. Dahil dito, tinulungan sya ng ketongin kung papaano matatagpuan ang Ibong Adarna. Sinabi nito na mayroon isang maliit na bahay malapit sa bundok kung saan nakatira ang isang ermitanyo na magbibigay sa kanya ng kaalaman kung papano mahuhuli ang Ibong Adarna. At ibinilin din ng matanda na huwag syang hihimlay sa isang puno na kaiga-igaya ang anyo.